Clinical impact of the infrapatellar location in symptomatic peripheral arterial disease patients / Impacto clínico de la localización infrapatelar en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica sintomática

Abstract Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) frequently affects multiple segments of the limbs. Contradictory data have reported worse prognosis in aortoiliac lesions, nevertheless, diabetes and chronic limb ischemia frequently affects the infrapatellar territory. Our aim was to assess the impact of infrapatellar disease in cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study at a university hospital in Argentina. Electronic health records were retrospectively reviewed including symptomatic PAD patients requiring revascularization. A multivariable regression model was performed to account for confounders. The primary endpoint was a composite of hospitalizations due to chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) and major amputation events between infrapatellar and suprapatellar patients. Minor amputation events, all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and major cardiovascular events (MACE) were secondary endpoints. Results: From January 2014 through July 2020, a total of 309 patients were included in the analysis. 151 patients had suprapatellar disease, and 158 had infrapatellar disease. The primary composite endpoint occurred in 35 patients (22.2%) in the infrapatellar patients and 18 patients (11.9%) in the suprapatellar patients (HR = 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.22-3.82]; p = 0.008). Both components of the primary outcomes occurred more frequently in infrapatellar patients. Minor amputation events were more prevalent in infrapatellar patients (HR = 5.09; 95% CI = [1.47-17.6]; p = 0.010). Death, MI, stroke, and MACE events were not different among groups (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Infrapatellar disease was an independent factor for increased hospitalization of CLTI, major and minor amputations events, compared to suprapatellar disease in symptomatic revascularized PAD patients.

Resumen Objetivo: La enfermedad vascular periférica (EVP) afecta generalmente múltiples segmentos de los miembros. Existe información contradictoria con respecto al pronóstico de pacientes con enfermedad aortoilíaca, sin embargo, la diabetes y la enfermedad critica de miembros inferiores habitualmente afecta el territorio infrapatelar. Nuestro objetivo es determinar el impacto de la afectación infrapatelar en eventos cardiovasculares. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional en un hospital universitario de Argentina. Se revisó la historia clínica electrónica de pacientes con EVP con requerimiento de revascularización. Se generó un modelo de regresión multivariado incluyendo variables clínicamente relevantes. El punto final primario fue un combinado de hospitalización por isquemia crítica y amputaciones mayores entre pacientes con afectación infrapatelar y suprapatelar. Amputaciones menores, muerte por todas las causas, infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y un combinado de eventos cardiovasculares (MACE) fueron los puntos secundarios. Resultados: Se reclutó un total de 309 pacientes desde enero de 2014 hasta julio de 2020. 151 pacientes presentaron enfermedad suprapatelar y 158 infrapatelar. El punto final primario ocurrió en 35 pacientes (22.2%) en el grupo infrapatelar y en 18 pacientes (11.9%) en suprapatelares (HR 2.16; intervalo de confianza 95% [1.22-3.82]; p = 0.008). Ambos componentes ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con afectación infrapatelar. Los eventos de amputación menor fueron mas prevalentes en pacientes con afectación infrapatelar (HR 5.09; IC95% [1.47-17.6]; p = 0.010) La mortalidad por todas las causas, IAM, ACV y MACE no fueron diferentes entre los grupos (p > 0.05). Conclusión: La enfermedad infrapatelar fue un factor independiente para mayor riesgo de hospitalización por isquemia critica, amputación mayor y menor comparado con pacientes con afectación suprapatelar en EVP sintomática revascularizada.

Quality of life for patients with in-stent restenosis after interventional therapy of peripheral artery disease

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of life for patients with in-stent restenosis after interventional therapy of peripheral artery disease and the influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 72 in-stent restenosis patients after interventional therapy of peripheral artery disease were enrolled, whose general data were obtained. SF-12 scale was used to evaluate the quality of life. Tilburg Frailty Scale was used to assess senile debilitation. Pittsburgh Quality Index Scale was used to evaluate sleep quality. Activity of Daily Living Scale was used to evaluate the self-care ability. The general data and in-stent restenosis-related indicators were compared between patients with low and high quality of life, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis was made on the factors affecting quality of life. RESULTS: The average total quality of life score of 72 patients was 74.06±19.26 points. The gender, Fontaine stage and smoking, Activity of Daily Living Scale score, painless walking distance, senile debilitation score, sleep quality score, white blood cells, and C-reactive protein had significant differences between the two groups, respectively (p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the female gender, low Fontaine stage (OR=0.186), low senile debilitation score (OR=0.492), and high sleep quality score (OR=0.633) were the protective factors for high quality of life (all p<0.05), and the low Activity of Daily Living score (OR=1.282) was the risk factor for high quality of life (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Quality of life of in-stent restenosis patients after interventional therapy of peripheral artery disease is low. Gender, Fontaine stage, senile debilitation, sleep quality, and Activity of Daily Living score are the influencing factors of quality of life for in-stent restenosis patients.

Effects of aerobic and combined training on pain-free walking distance and health-related quality of life in patients with peripheral artery disease: a randomized clinical trial / Efeitos do treinamento aeróbico e combinado na distância percorrida sem dor e na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em pacientes com doença arterial periférica: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Background Decreased walking ability in patients with peripheral arterial disease is often a clinical problem and limits the quality of life and daily activities of these subjects. physical exercise is important in this scenario, as it improves both the daily walking distance and the ability to withstand intermittent claudication related to the limitations of the peripheral disease. Objectives Our aim was to compare the effects of two types of exercise training (aerobic training and aerobic training combined with resistance exercises) on pain-free walking distance (PFWD) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a sample composed of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods Twenty patients with claudication symptoms were randomized to either aerobic control (AC) N= 9, or combined training (CT) N= 8, (24 sixty-minute sessions, twice a week). The total walking distance until onset of pain due to claudication was assessed using the 6-minute walk test and HRQoL was measured using the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire (general and specific domains) at baseline and after training. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to assess the differences between groups for the PFWD and HRQoL domains, testing the main group and time effects and their respective interaction effects. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Seventeen patients (mean age 63±9 years; 53% male) completed the study. Both groups experienced improvement in claudication, as reflected by a significant increase in PFWD: AC, 149 m to 299 m (P<0.001); CT, 156 m to 253 m (P<0.001). HRQoL domains also improved similarly in both groups (physical capacity, psychological aspects, and self-reported quality of life; P=0.001, P=0.003, and P=0.011 respectively). Conclusions Both aerobic and combined training similarly improved PFWD and HRQoL in PAD patients. There are no advantages in adding strength training to conventional aerobic training. This study does not support the conclusion that combined training is a good strategy for these patients when compared with classic training.

Resumo Contexto A diminuição da capacidade de marcha em pacientes com doença arterial periférica é frequentemente um problema clínico e limita a qualidade de vida e as atividades diárias desses indivíduos. O exercício físico é importante nesse cenário, pois melhora tanto a distância caminhada diária quanto a capacidade de suportar a claudicação intermitente relacionada às limitações da doença periférica. Objetivos Comparar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbico (TA) e do treinamento aeróbico combinado com exercícios de resistência (TC) na distância percorrida livre de dor (DPLD) e na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) em pacientes com doença arterial periférica (DAP). Métodos Vinte pacientes com sintomas de claudicação foram randomizados para TA ou TC. Os treinamentos foram realizados em 24 sessões, duas vezes por semana. A DPLD foi avaliada por meio do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, e a QVRS foi medida pelo instrumento da avaliação de qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF), no início e após o treinamento. Para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos para DPLD e os domínios da QVRS, foi utilizado o modelo de equações de estimativa generalizada, testando os efeitos principais do grupo e tempo, bem como os respectivos efeitos de interação. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados Dezessete pacientes (idade média: 63±9 anos; 53% do sexo masculino) completaram o estudo. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na claudicação, refletida por um aumento significativo na DPLD: grupo controle aeróbico - de 149 m para 299 m (P < 0,001); grupo de treinamento combinado - de 156 m para 253 m (P < 0,001). Os domínios da QVRS também melhoraram de forma semelhante em ambos os grupos (capacidade física, aspectos psicológicos e qualidade de vida autorreferida; P = 0,001, P = 0,003 e P = 0,011, respectivamente). Conclusões Ambos os treinamentos melhoraram de forma semelhante a DPLD e a QVRS em pacientes com DAP. Não há vantagens em associar o treinamento de força ao treinamento aeróbico convencional. O estudo não permite concluir que o TC é uma boa estratégia para esses pacientes quando comparado ao treinamento clássico.

Angioplastia simple de arteria tibial posterior en paciente diabético para el salvamento de la extremidad / Posterior tibial artery simple angioplasty in diabetic patient for limb salvage

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus constituye un factor de riesgo distintivo en la enfermedad arterial periférica. Esta produce típicamente la afectación de los vasos infrageniculares, asociada con mayor predisposición a ulceración y amputación que en pacientes no diabéticos. Debido al desenlace sombrío de estos pacientes es necesario revascularizar con el fin de salvar la extremidad. Objetivo: Presentar un caso en el que se utilizó la angioplastia simple de la arteria tibial posterior para salvar la extremidad de un paciente diabético. Presentación del caso: Se presenta un caso con diagnóstico de pie diabético isquémico infectado en la extremidad inferior izquierda. Al examen físico se constató lesión isquémica infectada en el quinto y cuarto dedos con extensión al dorso y planta del pie, y patrón esteno-oclusivo distal. Se detectó disminución de los índices de presiones distales. En la arteriografía se apreció oclusión de las arterias tibial anterior y peronea desde su origen, y lesiones esteno-oclusivas en la tibial posterior en el tercio inferior de la pierna. Se realizó angioplastia transluminal percutánea de la tibial posterior y el paciente recuperó pulso en tibial posterior con mejoría hemodinámica. Evolucionó satisfactoriamente y egresó con tratamiento médico. A los cinco meses de operado mantenía su pulso tibial posterior presente y la lesión cicatrizada. Conclusiones: La angioplastia simple de una de las arterias de la pierna puede resultar beneficiosa para la cicatrización de lesiones en el pie, aun siendo estas extensas(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a distinctive risk factor in peripheral artery disease. This typically produces the involvement of the infragenicular vessels, associated with a greater predisposition to ulceration and amputation than in non-diabetic patients. Due to the bleak outcome of these patients it is necessary to revascularize in order to save the limb. Objective: To present a case in which simple angioplasty of the posterior tibial artery was used to save the limb of a diabetic patient. Case Presentation: It is presented a case with a diagnosis of infected ischemic diabetic foot in the left lower extremity. On physical examination, infected ischemic lesion was found in the fifth and fourth toes with extension to the back and soles of the foot, and distal steno-occlusive pattern. Decreases in distal pressure indices were detected. Arteriography showed occlusion of the anterior tibial and peroneal arteries from their origin, and steno-occlusive lesions in the posterior tibial in the lower third of the leg. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the posterior tibial was performed and the patient recovered pulse in the posterior tibial with hemodynamic improvement. The patient progressed satisfactorily and was discharged with medical treatment. Five months after surgery, the kept posterior tibial pulse present and the injury healed. Conclusions: Simple angioplasty of one of the arteries of the leg can be beneficial for the healing of foot injuries, even if these are extensive(AU)

Research progress of bioresorbable zinc alloy stent in the treatment of peripheral artery disease / 国际外科学杂志

With the development of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, stent implantation has gradually become an important treatment for peripheral artery diseases, especially for arterial diseases of lower extremities. Due to the continuous exposure of the disadvantages of permanent metal stents and the continuous development of absorbable materials, researchers gradually pay attention to the bioresorbable stents with fewer long-term complications. At present, the application of bioresorbable stents in coronary artery disease has been relatively mature. This paper reviews the research progress of bioresorbable zinc alloy stents in peripheral artery disease.

El Síndrome de Leriche: Subdiagnóstico en la Enfermedad Arterial Periférica

Resumen La enfermedad oclusiva aorto-ilíaca, denominada también como Síndrome de Leriche, es la oclusión de la aorta abdominal en su segmento infrarrenal, siendo la aterosclerosis la causa principal. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes, son: la hipertensión, la diabetes mellitus, la dislipidemia y el tabaquismo. Se describe el caso de un paciente con factores de riesgo para enfermedad ateroesclerótica quien ingresó por dolor en miembros inferiores, claudicación intermitente, cambios de coloración en pie y ausencia de pulsos en miembros inferiores. Clínicamente, esta entidad se caracteriza por la tríada clásica: Claudicación, disfunción eréctil y pulsos distales disminuidos. Debido a su cronicidad, muchos suelen ser asintomáticos debido a la circulación colateral que desarrollan, lo que conlleva a un subregistro. Los estudios vasculares como: la ecografía doppler, la angiotomografía computarizada y la angiografía aórtica pueden ayudar a confirmar el diagnóstico y la ubicación de la estenosis, siempre teniendo como pilar fundamental la sospecha clínica.

Abstract Aortoiliac occlusive disease, also known as Leriche´s Syndrome, is the occlusion of the abdominal aorta in its infrarenal segment, with atherosclerosis being the main cause. The most frequent risk factors are: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking. The case of a patient with risk factors for atherosclerotic disease who was admitted due to pain in the lower limbs, intermittent claudication, discoloration of the foot and absence of pulses in the lower limbs is described. Clinically, is characterized by the classic triad: Claudication, erectile dysfunction and decreased distal pulses. Due to their chronicity, many are usually asymptomatic due to the collateral circulation they develop, which leads to underreporting. Vascular studies such as: Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography angiography and aortic angiography can help confirm the diagnosis and location of stenosis, always having clinical suspicion as a fundamental pillar.

Doença arterial obstrutiva periférica: um estudo comparativo entre revascularizações abertas e endovasculares realizadas em caráter de urgência no sistema público de saúde do Brasil entre 2010 e 2020 / Peripheral artery disease: a comparison of urgent open and endovascular revascularizations on the public health system in Brazil, from 2010 to 2020

RESUMO Contexto A doença arterial obstrutiva periférica apresenta alta prevalência, sendo associada a elevado risco de eventos cardiovasculares. A intervenção cirúrgica ou endovascular faz-se necessária na isquemia crítica do membro. Objetivos Avaliar a distribuição de realização de revascularizações abertas e endovasculares nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, analisando os custos para o sistema de saúde e a mortalidade relacionada a esses procedimentos. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico observacional transversal descritivo para avaliar as cirurgias abertas e endovasculares realizadas no sistema público de saúde do Brasil entre 2010 e 2020. Os dados foram coletados através do Departamento de Informática do SUS (Datasus). Resultados No período analisado, foram registradas 83.218 internações para realização de cirurgias abertas e endovasculares, com um custo total de R$ 333.989.523,17. Houve predominância das internações para os procedimentos percutâneos (56.132) em relação aos cirúrgicos convencionais (27.086). As Regiões Sudeste e Sul concentraram a maior parte do total de procedimentos realizados no país (83%), enquanto a Região Norte foi a que apresentou a menor taxa de internação. Observou-se uma tendência decrescente para os procedimentos abertos, e uma tendência crescente para os endovasculares. A média de permanência hospitalar foi menor nos procedimentos endovasculares (5,3 dias) em relação aos abertos (10,2 dias). Além disso, notou-se uma maior taxa de mortalidade hospitalar relacionada à revascularização aberta em relação à endovascular (5,24% versus 1,56%). Conclusões As técnicas endovasculares consistiram em uma abordagem dominante no tratamento cirúrgico da isquemia crítica, apresentando menor taxa de mortalidade hospitalar e menor tempo de internação quando comparada às cirurgias abertas.

ABSTRACT Background Peripheral artery disease (PAD) has high prevalence and is associated with high risk of cardiovascular events. Surgical or endovascular intervention is necessary in chronic limb-threatening ischemia. Objectives To evaluate the distribution of open and endovascular revascularizations in different regions of Brazil, analyzing the health system costs and mortality related to these procedures. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, epidemiological study was carried out to evaluate open and endovascular surgeries performed on the SUS public healthcare system in Brazil, from 2010 to 2020. Data were collected from the SUS Department of Informatics (Datasus). Results Over the period analyzed, 83,218 admissions for open and endovascular surgeries were registered, with a total cost of R$ 333,989,523.17. There were more hospital admissions for percutaneous procedures (56,132) than for conventional surgery (27,086). Most of the procedures (83%) were performed in the country's Southeast and South regions, while the North region had the lowest number of procedures. Over the period evaluated, there was a decreasing trend for open procedures and an increasing trend for endovascular procedures. The average hospital stay was shorter for endovascular procedures (5.3 days) than for open surgery (10.2 days). The analysis of mortality related to these procedures revealed a higher rate of in-hospital mortality associated with open revascularization than with endovascular (5.24% vs. 1.56%). Conclusions Endovascular techniques constituted the primary approach for revascularization treatment in critical limb-threatening ischemia, with a lower in-hospital mortality rate and shorter hospital stay when compared to open surgeries.

Drug-coated balloon for in-stent restenosis in femoropopliteal segment: 1-year clinical outcomes from a multicenter study in China / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy at 1-year follow-up of the use of drug-coated balloon (DCB) for the treatment of femoropopliteal in-stent restenosis (ISR).Methods:This study enrolled 252 patients undergoing Orchid DCB angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease in the femoral-popliteal segment. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Forty-nine patients were eligible, including 29 (59.2%) chronic total occlusions belonging to TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus-Ⅱ(TASC Ⅱ) D, 7 (14.3%) thrombosis, and 14 (28.6%) moderate to severe calcifications. The mean lesion length was (215.9±97.1) mm. 69.4% were of occlusive lesions (Tosaka Ⅲ category). Only 1 provisional stent was implanted. 98% patients had severe claudication or even worse. Of these cases, 34 (73.9%) showed improvements in Rutherford category, while 11 (23.9%) did not change and 1 (2.2%) case deteriorated. The average value of ABI was 0.478±0.264 before surgery and 0.907±0.207 at the end of follow-up. The improvement in Rutherford category ( P<0.01) and ABI ( P<0.005) were both significant. The primary patency (PP) was 80.4%, and the freedom from clinically driven TLR was 84.8% at 1 year. During the follow-up period, there was no all-cause death and major limb amputation. Conclusion:This multicenter study demonstrated the effectiveness of DCB as a treatment for complicated and extensive ISR lesions within 12 months.

Comparison of standard balloon and drug-coated balloon angioplasty in patients with the below-the-knee peripheral artery disease

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the interventions of percutaneous transluminal drug-coated balloon angioplasty (DCB PTA) and standard PTA in the treatment of patients with the below-the-knee peripheral artery disease (BTK PAD). METHODS: Overall, 196 patients (113 males and 83 females; mean age: 63.56±11.94 years; 45-83 years) were treated with PTA for BTK PAD between June 2014 and March 2019. RESULT: Standard PTA (group 1; 96 patients) and DCB PTA (group 2; 100 patients) results were analyzed and compared retrospectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean ages of group 1 and 2 patients (p=0.371, p>0.05). Demographic and clinical data were compared and no any statistically significant differences was found between the two groups. Comparing in terms of the iliac lesion, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of frequency of popliteal lesions (p=0.001; p<0.05). There was not a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of other lesions. In addition, limb salvage rates were 82.0% (18 amputations) and 65.6% (33 amputations) in the drug-release balloon group and the naked balloon group, at the end of 1 year, respectively. No distal embolism, limb-threatening ischemia, and mortality were observed in any patients. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, patients in the DCB group had significantly higher rates of primary patency as compared with the other patients.

Profundaplastia femoral como un proceder inusual en la "era endovascular" / Femoral deep plasty as an unfrequent procedure in the "endovascular era"

Introducción: La arteria femoral común y sus ramas suministran la mayor parte del flujo sanguíneo al muslo, así como a la totalidad de la pierna y el pie, lo que da lugar a la mayor rama del triángulo femoral: la arteria femoral profunda. Objetivo: Exponer la efectividad de la profundaplastia femoral en la "era endovascular". Reporte del caso: Se presenta un caso de enfermedad arterial periférica de múltiples sectores, sin criterio de cirugía revascularizadora (derivación protésica aorto bifemoral). El paciente manifestaba claudicación intermitente a menos de 30 metros, localizada en pantorrilla derecha. En el estudio hemodinámico se apreciaron los índices de presiones tobillo/brazo disminuidos en arteria tibial posterior (0,46) y pedia derecha (0,33). La ecografía doppler del sector femoral derecho evidenció una estenosis de la arteria femoral profunda en su origen, que producía aumento de las velocidades picos sistólicos (479 cm/s), con flujo desorganizado, dilatación posestenótica y oclusión de la arteria femoral superficial en su origen. Se realizó endarterectomía femoral común y profunda con colocación de parche de politetrafloroetileno. El paciente evolucionó sin complicaciones posoperatorias. En el seguimiento se observó mejoría clínica en relación con la distancia de claudicación y un aumento de los índices de presiones tobillo/brazo en arteria tibial posterior y pedia derecha (0,50), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La profundaplastia femoral, aún en la "era endovascular", permanece como un proceder eficaz que resulta alternativa de tratamiento revascularizador en la enfermedad arterial periférica de localización infrainguinal(AU)

Introduction: The normal femoral artery and its branches supply most of the blood flow to the thigh, as well as to the whole leg and foot, which forms the largest branch of the femoral triangle: the deep femoral artery. Objective: Show the effectiveness of femoral deep plasty in the "endovascular era". Case report: It is presented a case of peripheral artery disease in multiple sectors, without surgical criteria of revascularization (derivación protésica aortobifemoral). The patient presented intermittent claudication in less than 30 meters, and it was located in the right calf. In the hemodynamic study, the ankle-arm pressure indexes were dicreased in the posterior tibial artery (0,46) and right dorsalis pedis artery (0,33). The doppler echocardiography of the right femoral sector confirmed a stenosis in the deep femoral artery in its origin, which produced an increase in the peak systolic velocity (479 cm/s), unorganized flows, poststenotic dilatation and occlusion of the superficial femoral artery in its origin. It was performed a common and deep femoral endarterectomy with colocation of polytetrafluoroethylene patch. The patient evolved without post-surgical complications. In the follow-up, it was observed a clinical improvement in relation with the claudication distance and the increase of the ankle-arm pressure indexes in the posterior tibial artery and right dorsalis pedis artery (0,50), respectively. Conclusions: The femoral deep plasty, still in the ´´endovascular era´´, is an efficient procedure that is an alternative to the revascularization treatment in the peripheral artery disease with infrainguinal location(AU)

Prevalencia de enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular pertenecientes a un centro de atención primaria mediante el uso del índice tobillo-brazo / Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease of lower extremities in high cardiovascular risk patients from primary care using the ankle-brachial index

Resumen Objetivo: La enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores (EAOC EEII) ha sido subestimada y subdiagnosticada especialmente a nivel de atención primaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de EAOC EEII en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular pertenecientes a un centro de salud familiar. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 246 pacientes, con una potencia estadística del 80% y un nivel de confianza del 95%, seleccionándolos aleatoriamente de 1.361 pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular alto del CESFAM Cordillera Andina, a quienes se les realizó la medición del índice tobillobrazo (ITB). Se estimaron IC 95% para cada media y porcentaje reportado, considerándose un valor de p significativo menor de 0,05 en las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas. Resultados: Se observó un ITB < 0,9 en el 43,2% (114), donde el 33,7% (89) refería síntomas de claudicación intermitente, mientras que un 9,5% (25) se encontraba asintomático. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes con EAOC EEII se observó en el grupo etario entre 60 y 80 años, que en conjunto alcanzaba el 85,1% de los pacientes con esta patología, siendo significativamente menor en pacientes menores de 60 y mayores de 80 años (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Encontramos una prevalencia de enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores de un 43,2% en pacientes de riesgo cardiovascular alto, quienes no presentaban este diagnóstico previamente. El índice tobillobrazo corresponde a un examen simple, rápido y con una gran utilidad diagnóstica por lo que debería considerarse su incorporación en las guías ministeriales para la evaluación de pacientes cardiovasculares en atención primaria.

Aim: The peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been underestimated and underdiagnosed particularly at primary care setting. Our aim was to calculate the prevalence of PAD in high cardiovascular risk patients from a primary care center. Materials and Method: Is an observational, cross section study. We calculated a sample size of 246 patients, with a power of 80% and a significance level of 95%, who were selected randomly from 1.361 high cardiovascular risk patients according to the Framingham score, who attended at Cordillera Andina primary care center, measuring the anklebrachial index (ABI) in this group of patients. A 95% confidence interval was calculated for each mean and proportion and a p value less than 0.05 were considered as significant for all statistic tests. Results: We found an ABI < 0.9 in the 43.2% (114) of the sample, where 33.7% (89) presented symptoms of intermittent claudication, while 9.5% (25) did not have symptoms. The highest proportion of PAD was detected in patients between 60 and 80 years, who represented 85.1% of the patients with PAD, being significantly less its prevalence in people under 60 and over 80 years (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A prevalence of PAD of 43.2% in high cardiovascular risk patients who did not have this diagnosis before was found. The anklebrachial index is an easy, fast and very useful test to diagnose PAD in the majority of patients at primary care level, as consequent, its incorporation to clinical guidelines should be evaluated.

Pesquisa de enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores en personas mayores de 50 años / Investigation of lower limb peripheral artery disease in people over the age of 50

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores se considera un problema de salud por presentar elevadas tasas de morbi-mortalidad y de amputaciones no traumáticas. En ocasiones se desconoce su presencia en los adultos de la población general. Objetivo: Evaluar mediante pesquiza la presencia de la enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores en personas mayores de 50 años de la población. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y analítico en 235 personas mayores de 50 años de diferentes municipios de la capital. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad arterial se realizó por examen físico y estudio hemodinámico. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y algunos factores de riego cardiovasculares. Se trabajó con un nivel de confiabilidad del 95 por ciento. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo femenino (68,1 por ciento), la piel blanca (53,2 por ciento) y el grupo etáreo entre 50 y 69 años (68,1 por ciento). Hubo mayor frecuencia de la enfermedad en el sexo masculino (70,5 por ciento). El 55,7 por ciento presentó macroangiopatía diabética. Las prevalencias encontradas para la enfermedad arterial periférica y para los factores de riesgo fueron de 51,9 por ciento y de 91,5 por ciento, respectivamente. El 64,7 por ciento de las personas presentaban tres o más factores. La hipertensión (χ 2 = 23,66; p = 0,0000; OR: 3,88) y la obesidad (χ 2 = 8,74; p < 0,001; OR: 1,38) estuvieron asociadas con la enfermedad arterial periférica. Conclusiones: Las personas mayores de 50 años de edad, del sexo masculino y con más de tres factores de riesgo tienen un riesgo elevado de presentar una enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores(AU)

Introduction: Lower limb peripheral artery disease is considered a health problem because it has high rates of morbidity-mortality and non-traumatic amputations. Its presence in adults in the general population is sometimes unknown. Objective: Assess by investigation the presence of peripheral artery disease of lower limbs in people of the population over 50 years. Methods: Descriptive and analytical study in 235 people over 50 years from different municipalities of the capital. The diagnosis of arterial disease was made by physical examination and hemodynamic study. Sociodemographic variables and some cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed. The reliability level was of 95 percent. Results: Female sex (68.1 percent), white skin (53.2 percent) and the age group between 50 and 69 years (68.1 percent) predominated. There was a higher frequency of the disease in the male sex (70.5 percent). 55.7 percent had diabetic macroangiopathy. The prevalences found for peripheral artery disease and risk factors were 51.9 percent and 91.5 percent, respectively. 64.7 percent of people had three or more factors. Hypertension (χ 2 = 23.66; p = 0.0000; OR: 3.88) and obesity (χ 2 = 8,74; p < 0,001; OR: 1,38) were associated with peripheral artery disease. Conclusions: People over 50 years of age, males and with more than three risk factors have a high risk of developing peripheral lower limb artery disease(AU)

Application of Rotarex mechanical thrombectomy system in treating in-stent restenosis of lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the role of Rotarex mechanical thrombectomy system in treating instent restenosis of peripheral artery disease (PAD).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 7 in-stent restenosis (ISR) cases of lower extremity PAD from June 2017 to Dec 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 5 males and 2 females and the mean age was (70.0±7.6) years from 59.0 to 76.0 years. All the cases were treated by Rotarex mechanical thrombectomy system. In the 7 cases, time interval from the previous stent implantation to ischemia recurrence was 1.0 to 72.0 months, and the median time was 6.0 months. The period from ischemia recurrence to endovascular therapy was 3 days to 2 years, and the median time was 62 days. Rotarex mechanical debulking catheter and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) were used in all the cases, and the stent was used only when it was necessary. Anticoagulation was used for 24 hours after procedures and then antiplatelet agents were used as usual. Doppler ultrasonography was taken during the followed-up.@*RESULTS@#All the 7 cases were successful in technology, 3 of which were implanted with new stents for the fracture of the old ones. while for the other four cases, no new stent was implanted. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) increased from 0.31±0.08 to 0.86±0.08 after treatment (t=-12.84, P < 0.001). Thrombectomy was applied urgently in one case because of acute thrombosis in the stent, and the result was good. There was no other complications in hospital. All the patients were followed up for 5.0-22.0 months, and the median time was 14.0 months. No death and amputation occurred during the follow-up. One patient stopped antiplatelet agents because of gastrointestinal bleeding, which resulted in acute thrombosis. in-stent restenosis reappeared in 3 cases.@*CONCLUSION@#Debulking using Rotarex catheter is safe and effective in treating in-stent restenosis of PAD, especially in reducing stents implantation, but is not good at dealing with old thrombus and proliferating intima, and can do nothing about fractured stents and hyperplasia of intima, so it needs to be combined with stents and drug coated balloons.

Índice Tobillo-Brazo como Determinante de Enfermedad Arterial Obstructiva Periférica en Adultos Mayores

Resumen La enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica es una entidad clínica íntimamente relacionada con patologías frecuentes en nuestro medio, que no identificada ni tratada de forma temprana puede originar graves complicaciones entre ellas la aparición de ulceras crónicas, claudicación intermitente y la amputación. La medida del índice tobillo-brazo mediante ecodoppler portátil es una técnica no invasiva, rápida, simple, fiable de gran interés que ofrece una sensibilidad y especificidad elevada para diagnosticar esta enfermedad. Objetivos: el presente estudio pretende conocer la prevalencia de enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica determinado por el índice tobillo-brazo en los adultos mayores de 60 años que acuden al Centro de salud Capacachi, del 01 de octubre al 31 de diciembre de la gestión 2020. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo; se calculó el índice tobillo-brazo a 176 pacientes mayores de 60 años, se excluyó a pacientes con trombosis venosa profunda y/o superficial, flebitis, linfangitis, con heridas abiertas en la zona de colocación de transductor del ecodoppler, que hayan sido sometidos a revascularización arterial periférica o pacientes que tomen anticoagulantes o antiagregantes plaquetarios. Resultados: de los 176 pacientes estudiados, 73 pacientes presentaron un índice tobillo-brazo <0,9 y por tanto presentan la enfermedad. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica de 41,48%. Conclusiones: el estudio estableció que el índice tobillo-brazo es útil como método de screening para diagnosticar la enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica en centros de atención de primer nivel, este nos permite realizar una prevención secundaria a un bajo costo y de forma incruenta.

Abstract Peripheral obstructive arterial disease is a clinical entity closely related to frequent pathologies in our environment, which if not identified and treated early can cause serious complications including the development of chronic ulcers, intermittent claudication and amputation. The measurement of the ankle-brachial index by portable Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive, fast, simple, reliable technique of great interest that offers high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose this disease. Objectives: the present study aims to determine the prevalence of peripheral obstructive arterial disease as determined by the ankle-brachial index in adults over 60 years of age attending the Capacachi Health Center, from October 1 to December 31, 2020. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was carried out; the ankle-brachial index was calculated in 176 patients over 60 years of age; patients with deep and/or superficial venous thrombosis, phlebitis, lymphangitis, with open wounds in the area where the echo-Doppler transducer was placed, who had undergone peripheral arterial revascularization or patients taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents were excluded. Results: of the 176 patients studied, 73 patients had an ankle-brachial index <0.9 and therefore had the disease. The prevalence of peripheral obstructive arterial disease was 41.48%. Conclusions: the study established that the ankle-brachial index is useful as a screening method to diagnose peripheral obstructive arterial disease in primary care centers, allowing us to perform secondary prevention at a low cost and in a bloodless manner.

A Case of Endovascular Treatment for an Atypical Aortic Coarctation with Severe Calcification in a Patient with Hypertensive Heart Failure / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

@#A 52-year-old male was admitted to our hospital through the emergency room due to dyspnea and hypertensive heart failure. Computer tomography revealed atypical aortic coarctation with stenosis and calcification just above the superior mesenteric artery. Calcium channel blocker significantly reduced hypertension and improved heart failure, while his creatine elevated rapidly, and he presented acute renal failure. Endovascular self-expanding stent implantation in the aorta was performed in order to restore renal blood flow. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the third day after the procedure. The cardiac function recovered immediately, and the patient no longer required antihypertensive agents. There have been many reported cases of endovascular correction of atypical aortic coarctation overseas. Nevertheless, due to reimbursement issue in the health care system, the majority of atypical aortic coarctation cases in Japan are treated with open surgery. Endovascular treatment should be endorsed as an option for its short procedural time, minimal invasiveness and brief hospital stay.

Presencia de enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica / Presence of peripheral artery disease in patients with ischemic heart disease

Introducción: La enfermedad isquémica del corazón y la enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores mantienen su vigencia como problemas de salud por presentar elevadas tasas de prevalencias y ser causas principales de morbi-mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de la enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo y analítico en 167 pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, dispensarizados en un área de salud del municipio San Miguel del Padrón, de la provincia La Habana. La edad promedio del grupo fue de 64 ± 8 años (rango: 39-81). El período de investigación abarcó tres años y finalizó en 2017. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo (tabaquismo, obesidad, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial), índice de presiones tobillo brazo, presencia de la enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores y su severidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 43 pacientes cardiópatas con enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores para una prevalencia porcentual de 26 por ciento. El 60,5 por ciento (n = 26) del total era sintomáticos, con igual frecuencia para el estadio y la severidad moderada de la enfermedad (51,2 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (83,7 por ciento) y el tabaquismo (81,4 por ciento), los cuales resultaron asociados significativamente (p < 0,05) con la presencia de la enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores. Conclusiones: La enfermedad arterial periférica es común en los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, asociada fuertemente con la hipertensión arterial y el tabaquismo(AU)

Introduction: Ischemic heart disease and lower limb´s peripheral artery disease are still health problems because they have high prevalence rates and are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Objective: Identify the presence of lower limb´s peripheral artery disease in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: A descriptive, ambispective and analytical study was carried out in 167 patients with ischemic heart disease who were classified in a health area of San Miguel del Padrón municipality, Havana province. The average age of the group was 64 ± 8 years (range: 39-81). The research period spanned three years and ended in 2017. The study variables were: age, sex, risk factors (smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure), ankle arm pressure index, presence of lower limb´s peripheral artery disease and its severity. Results: 43 patients suffering a cardiopathy with lower limb´s peripheral artery disease were found for a percentage prevalence of 26 percent. 60.5 percent (n = 26) of the total were symptomatic, with equal frequency for the stage and moderate severity of the disease (51.2 percent). The most common risk factors were high blood pressure (83.7 percent) and smoking habit (81.4 percent), which were significantly associated (p< 0.05) with the presence of lower limb´s peripheral artery disease. Conclusions: Peripheral artery disease is common in patients with ischemic heart disease, and it is strongly associated with high blood pressure and smoking habit(AU)

Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disorders in a Cohort of Clinically Stable Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in South Eastern Nigeria: A Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are commonly referred to as cardiovascular disorders (CVD) due to a common underlying pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and are more common in diabetic patients. This study was carried out to determine the pattern and associated factors of CAD and PAD in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in South east Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty stable adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited consecutively from two out-patient clinics in two tertiary hospitals in South east Nigeria at Nnewi and Enugu. They were assessed for risk factors for CVD including hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia. Their ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured using a hand-held doppler and they also had a 12 lead ECG. Results were analyzed using SPSS V23; p value of < 0.05 considered significant. Results: There were 60 males and 60 females, with a mean age of 61.7(11.2) years and mean diabetes duration of 127.7(99.9) months. Dyslipidaemia was present in 73.3%, 70% had hypertension, PAD was present in 55.8%, while 16.5% had CAD. PAD was more common in those with higher BMI (p = 0.04), higher diastolic BP (p = 0.03) and higher mean arterial pressure (p = 0.03). On further multivariate stepwise regression analysis, there was no significant predictor of PAD. None of the clinical factors were associated with CAD. Conclusion: PAD and CAD are common in patients with type2 DM even in the absence of symptoms. Obesity, high diastolic and high mean arterial pressure are more common in patients with PAD.

Fístula coronaria a ventrículo derecho en paciente con ateroesclerosis sistémica / Coronary artery fistula to the right ventricle in a patient with systemic atherosclerosis

RESUMEN La ateroesclerosis es una enfermedad sistémica que afecta múltiples lechos vasculares. Después de períodos prolongados de progresión comienzan las manifestaciones clínicas, de forma aguda o crónica (infarto agudo de miocardio, angina estable, claudicación intermitente, enfermedad cerebrovascular, entre otras); por lo que puede cursar de manera subclínica en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Lo interesante de esta forma de presentación es que dentro de una serie de casos con enfermedad multivaso, asociado a un índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) < 0,9, después de un síndrome coronario agudo, hemos encontrado, como hallazgo angiográfico, la presencia de una fístula coronaria a ventrículo derecho en un paciente con ITB muy bajo y clínica de claudicación intermitente. Esta fístula es la causa de los síntomas que interrumpieron la rehabilitación cardiovascular; es una enfermedad poco frecuente y causa de dolor torácico, que se informa solo de 0,3 a 0,8%, como hallazgo incidental en angiografías coronarias.

ABSTRACT Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that affects a number of vascular beds. Clinical manifestations whether acute or chronic (acute myocardial infarction, stable angina, intermittent claudication, cerebrovascular disease, among others) start after long periods of progression; so it may present subclinically in patients with coronary artery disease. What is particularly interesting about this form of presentation is that within a series of cases with multivessel disease, associated with an ankle-brachial index (ABI)<0.9, after an acute coronary syndrome, we have identified, as an angiographic finding, the presence of a coronary artery fistula to the right ventricle in a patient with very low ABI and clinical intermittent claudication. This fistula led to the symptoms that hampered cardiovascular rehabilitation. It is an infrequent disease characterized by chest pain; with low reporting (0.3 to 0.8%), as an incidental finding in coronary angiographies.

Terapia gênica de isquemia de membro é uma realidade? / Is gene therapy for limb ischemia a reality?

Resumo O conceito de terapia angiogênica surgiu no início da década de 90, o que pode ser feito com genes que codificam fatores de crescimento para promover a formação de novos vasos e o remodelamento de vasos colaterais. Como o procedimento dessa terapia geralmente consiste em apenas injeções locais de vetores, esse processo é pouco invasivo, rápido e de simples realização. Entretanto, desde as primeiras evidências clínicas do efeito de terapia gênica com o fator de crescimento de endotélio vascular (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) vistos nos pacientes com doença arterial obstrutiva periférica até hoje, apenas dois fármacos de terapia angiogênica foram aprovados, um na Rússia e outro no Japão, o que parece um número muito pequeno diante do grande número de investimentos feitos por meio de estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos. Afinal, podemos considerar que a terapia angiogênica já é uma realidade?

Abstract The concept of angiogenic therapy emerged in the early 1990s. The method employs genes that encode growth factors to promote formation of new vessels and remodeling of collateral vessels. Since the procedure involved in this therapy usually only consists of local injections of vectors, the process is minimally invasive, quick, and simple to perform. However, since the first clinical evidence of the effects of gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was observed in patients with peripheral artery disease, to date only two angiogenic therapy drugs have been approved, one in Russia and another in Japan, which seem a very small number, in view of the large volume of investment made in pre-clinical and clinical studies. After all, can we conclude that angiogenic therapy is a reality?